The Breast MCQs

Aneuploidy is defined as a number of chromosomes that is not a multiple of the haploid state; for humans, that is a chromosome number that is not a multiple of 23. Aneuploidy is remarkably common in cancers, particularly carcinomas and was proposed as a cause of carcinogenesis over 100 years ago. Aneuploidy is the presence of one or more extra chromosomes or the absence of one or more chromosomes. The risk of fetal aneuploidy rises with increasing maternal age. Because fetal aneuploidy can affect any pregnancy, all pregnant women should be offered screening. Reference: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Diseases, 10 th ed, Pg: 203.

Ans. is 'd' i.e., Papilloma Examples include atypical ductal hyperplasia, atypical lobular hyperplasia, and intraductal papillomas.

Malignant potential is revealed only by invasion into adjacent tissues or metastasis. The stroma carrying the blood supply is crucial to the growth of tumours but does not aid in the separation of benign from malignant ones. The amount of stromal connective tissue does, however, determine the consistency of a neoplasm. Certain cancers induce a dense, abundant fibrous stroma(desmoplasia), making them hard, so-called "scirrhous tumors". Desmoplasia is the result of increased synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins and collagen by stromal cells. It is considered to be a reaction and response of the host tissue against invasive cancer cells.[5] The biological relevance of the desmoplastic response to cancer is still unclear. Reference: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Diseases, 10 th ed, Pg: 193.