Facets of Growth and Development MCQs

Corrected gestational age = Chronological age- Preterm age = 32 weeks - 10 weeks = 22 weeks = 5.5 months Hence, the corrected age of the child is 5.5 months and usual age for the prone to supine is 6 months. Hence, the parents are to be reassured that child is normal for age. Till 2 years of age, correction of gestational age has to be applied. Tags : Topic : NORMAL DEVELOPMENT & ASSESSMENT Difficulty : MUST KNOW PYQ : NEET PG 2023 Reference : Ghai's Essential pediatrics, 8 th ed., pg. 50

Commando crawl (gross motor), picking up gems from cake- pincer grasp (fine motor), speaking 2 meaningful words (language), waving good bye (personal-social); all are achieved latest by 12 months. Hence, she has achieved all her milestones needed for her age. MILESTONES AT 12 MONTHS GROSS MOTOR Stand without support Walk with support FINE MOTOR Mature pincer grasp (holding like a pen) PERSONAL SOCIAL Plays a simple ball game LANGUAGE 1-2 meaningful words Tags : Topic : NORMAL DEVELOPMENT & ASSESSMENT Difficulty : MUST KNOW PYQ : FMGE JUNE 2022; NEET PG 2021 Reference : Nelson textbook of pediatrics, 21 st ed., pg. 137

Hand preference, or handedness, is the tendency to use one hand more naturally and efficiently than the other for fine motor tasks. This usually develops in early childhood, often becoming clear between the ages of 2 and 4 Hand preference or hand dominance before 12 months of age is a red flag sign and needs evaluation. All other development milestone mentioned are achieved at optimal age. KEY TAKEAWAYS: Identifying and supporting hand preference helps children develop motor skills effectively, which can aid in tasks like writing and drawing as they grow Tags: Topic: CEREBRAL PALSY Difficulty level: MAY KNOW PYQ: NEET PG 2021 Reference: Nelson textbook of pediatrics, 21 st ed., pg. 143

Six rules of development in a child 1 st : Development is a continuous process - Begins in utero. 2 nd : CNS maturity is the major determinant. 3 rd : Cephalo-caudal progression is shown. 4 th : Primitive reflexes must be lost. 5 th : Initially reflexes or milestones are general or crude. As age progresses, they become more complex 6 th : Similar sequence occurs in all children. Reference: OP Ghai 10 th Ed, Page 22

Explanation: Head circumference increases most rapidly during the first 3 months of life at a rate of 2 cm per month . (Option D ruled out) Head Circumference Growth Pattern: 0-3 months: 2 cm/month 3-6 months: 1 cm/month (Option B ruled out) 6-12 months: 5 cm/month (Option A ruled out) 1-3 years: 2 cm/month Developmental Milestones: Birth: HC = 33-35 cm (2.5 cm > chest circumference) 1 year: HC = Chest circumference After 1 year: HC Measurement Technique: Maximum head circumference measured from occipital protuberance to supraorbital ridge using cross-tape method.

Somatic growth shows a typical sigmoid/S-shaped growth curve. There is rapid growth initially in the first 4-5 years, then there is a relatively stable growth, followed by pick-up again occurring around peri-pubertal period. Reference: OP Ghai 10 th Edition, Pages 6-7.

At birth, about 70% of the adult head size is attained, while it becomes approximately 90% of the adult head size by 2 years of age. Thus, first 2 years of life are critical for brain growth. Maturation of functions occurs later in life. Reference: OP Ghai 10 th Ed, Pages 6-7

Caudal Regression Syndrome (CRS), also called Sacral Agenesis, is rare in the general population, but more common in infants of diabetic mothers (specific for these babies). It has not been described in Down's syndrome. Option B: Linear growth is retarded in Down's syndrome. Option C: About 13-34% patients with Down's syndrome have hypothyroidism. Option D: 40-60% patients have conductive hearing loss and are prone to Serous Otitis Media-commonly during the first year. Reference: OP Ghai Essential Pediatrics, 10th Edition, Page Number-667.