Acute Inflammation MCQs

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is also known as Lou Gehrig disease, named for the famous New York Yankee first baseman affected with the disorder. Lower and upper motor neurons can be affected, resulting in a denervation type of pattern of muscular atrophy. This occurs because an individual neuron innervates a group of muscle fibers. Bulbar (cranial nerve) involvement denotes a more rapid course. Werdnig-Hoffmann disease also is a neuropathic disease with grouped atrophy, but onset is in infancy. The other listed options are not associated with denervation.

Inflammation is never associated with apoptosis and this is one of the major differences between necrosis and apoptosis. Reference: Robbins& Cotran Pathologic Basis of Diseases 10 th edition, Chapter - 2 pg 44

Acute pancreatitis, is sudden inflammation of pancreas that may be mild or life threatening. The basic alterations in acute pancreatitis are microvascular leakage causing oedema. necrosis of fat by lipases, an acute inflammatory reaction, proteolytic destruction of pancreatic parenchyma, and destruction of blood vessels leading to interstitial haemorrhage. Mild cases are usually successfully treated with conservative measures. Severe cases often require admission in intensive care unit to monitor and manage complications of the disease. Reference: Robbins Basic Pathology, 10 th edition, Pg-681

Liquefactive necrosis is seen in focal bacterial and occasionally, fungal infections because microbes stimulate rapid accumulation of inflammatory cells and the enzymes of leukocytes digest ("liquefy") the tissue. Whatever the pathogenesis, the dead cells are completely digested, transforming the tissue into a viscous liquid that is eventually removed by phagocytes. If the process is initiated by acute inflammation, as in a bacterial infection, the material is frequently creamy yellow and is called pus. Reference: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Diseases, 10th Edition, Page Number-36.

Apoptotic bodies may also become coated with natural antibodies and proteins of the complement system, notably C1q, which are recognized by phagocytes. Thus, numerous ligands induced on apoptotic cells serve as “eat me” signals and are recognized by receptors on phagocytes that bind and engulf these cells. This process of apoptotic cell phagocytosis is called efferocytosis; it is so efficient that dead cells disappear, often within minutes, without leaving a trace. Reference: Robbins 10 th ed pg 46

Numerous ligands induced on apoptotic cells serve as "eat me" signals and are recognized by receptors on phagocytes that bind and engulf these cells. This process of apoptotic cell phagocytosis is called efferocytosis ; it is so efficient that dead cells disappear, often within minutes, without leaving a trace. In addition, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines is reduced in macrophages that have ingested apoptotic cells. Together with rapid clearance, this limits inflammatory reactions, even in the face of extensive apoptosis. Reference: Robbins& Cotran Pathologic Basis of Diseases 10 th edition, Chapter - 2 pg 42-44

In apoptotic cells this phospholipid "flips" out and is expressed on the outer layer of the membrane. Apoptotic bodies may also become coated with natural antibodies and proteins of the complement system, notably C1q, which are recognized by phagocytes. Some apoptotic bodies are coated by thrombospondin, an adhesive glycoprotein that is recognized by phagocytes. Reference: Robbins& Cotran Pathologic Basis of Diseases 10 th edition, Chapter - 2 pg 42

They make both p selectin which glues wbc with endothelium and vwf which glues platelets. Reference: Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Diseases 10 th edition, chapter 3, pg 72