Anti-Diabetic Drugs - Oral MCQs

Some of the characteristics of SGLT-2 inhibitors Glycemic efficacy: lowers HbA1c by 0.6% over 3 months Promotes weight loss ↓ Blood pressure ↓ Risk of cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 DM and cardiovascular disease Reference: Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, Fourteenth Edition By Bertram G. Katzun Pg no. 762

Patients taking an α-glucosidase inhibitor who experience hypoglycemia should be treated with oral glucose (dextrose) and not sucrose, because the absorption of sucrose will be delayed. Reference: Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, Fourteenth Edition By Bertram G. Katzung Pg no. 749

The secretory granules produced by the pancreatic islet cells in response to X, contain insulin and C-peptide, suggesting that the administered drug works by increasing endogenous insulin production. Glimepiride, a sulfonylurea, stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. Their principle target is the ATP-sensitive K+ channels in the pancreatic β-cell plasma membrane. Inhibition of K+ channels by sulfonylureas causes depolarization of the β-cell membrane, leading to an influx of Ca2+, which stimulates exocytosis of insulin-containing secretory granules. Reference: Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, Fourteenth Edition By Bertram G. Katzung Pg no. 759

The drug inhibits alpha-glucosidase, Miglitol, prevents the hydrolysis of polysaccharides to monosaccharides. Since polysaccharides are not absorbed as easily as monosaccharides, alpha-glucosidase therapy results in a slower rise in postprandial blood glucose concentrations. Adverse effects of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are caused by impaired absorption and include flatulence, diarrhoea, and early satiety. Reference: Basic & Clinical Pharmacology by Bertram G. Katzung, 14th Edition, Page Number-761.

The secretory granules produced by the pancreatic islet cells in response to X contain insulin and C-peptide, suggesting that the administered drug works by increasing endogenous insulin production. Glimepiride, a sulfonylurea, stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. Their principal target is the ATP-sensitive K+ channels in the pancreatic β-cell plasma membrane. Inhibition of K+ channels by sulfonylureas causes depolarization of the β-cell membrane, leading to an influx of Ca2+, which stimulates exocytosis of insulin-containing secretory granules. Reference: Basic & Clinical Pharmacology by Bertram G. Katzung, 14th Edition, Page Number-759.

The drug inhibits alpha-glucosidase, Miglitol, prevents the hydrolysis of polysaccharides to monosaccharides. Since polysaccharides are not absorbed as easily as monosaccharides, alpha-glucosidase therapy results in a slower rise in postprandial blood glucose concentrations. Adverse effects of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are caused by impaired absorption and include flatulence, diarrhea, and early satiety. Reference: Basic & Clinical Pharmacology by Bertram G. Katzung, 14th Edition, Page Number-761.

Oral antidiabetic agents are inappropriate in this patient because he has insulin-dependent diabetes. He needs a rapid-acting insulin preparation that can be given intravenously. Reference: Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, Fourteenth Edition By Bertram G. Katzung Pg no. 754

Insulin regimens for tight control usually take the form of establishing a basal level of insulin with a small amount of a long-acting preparation (eg, insulin glargine) and supplementing the insulin levels, when called for by food intake, with short-acting insulin lispro. Less tight control may be achieved with 2 injections of intermediate-acting insulin per day. Because intake of glucose is mainly during the day, long- acting insulins are usually given in the morning, not at night. Reference: Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, Fourteenth Edition By Bertram G. Katzung Pg no.754