Malignant Tumors of Liver MCQs

Metastases from malignant phyllodes tumors occur via hematogenous spread. Common sites of metastasis include lung, bone, abdominal viscera, and mediastinum . Reference : Sabiston textbook of Surgery, chapter: 35, Edition: 21 st , Pg: 832

Aetiology of malignant thyroid tumours The great majority of thyroid cancers have no known aetiological factor. The most important identifiable aetiological factor in differentiated thyroid carcinoma (particularly papillary) is irradiation of the thyroid under 5 years of age. Short latency aggressive papillary cancer is associated with the ret/PTC3 oncogene and later developing, possibly less aggressive, cancers with RET/PTC1. The incidence of follicular carcinoma is high in endemic goitrous areas, possibly due to TSH stimulation. Malignant lymphomas sometimes develop in autoimmune thyroiditis, and the lymphocytic infiltration in the autoimmune process may be an aetiological factor. Reference : Bailey & Love's short practice of surgery, chapter: 55, Edition: 28th, Pg: 867

The most common primary malignant tumor in adults is Glioblastoma . The most common primary malignant tumor in children is Medulloblastoma. The most common primary CNS tumor in adults is Astrocytoma. The most common primary CNS tumor in children is Pilocytic astrocytoma. Reference : Bailey & Love's short practice of surgery 28th Edition, Chapter 48, Cranial neurosurgery, Pg: 715

Anal malignancy is rare and accounts for less than 2% of all large bowel cancers. The crude incidence rate is 0.65 per 100 000. Those arising below the dentate line are usually squamous, whereas those above are variously termed basaloid, cloacogenic or transitional. Collectively they are known as epidermoid carcinomas , and account for >70% of anal malignancies; management and prognosis is similar for this group. Adenocarcinomas are the next commonest. Other tumours include melanoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma. Reference : Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 28th Edition, Page Number-1443.