Mixed / Miscellaneous Topics MCQs

Alexia without agraphia (patient can’t read, but can write) = Infarct to left Posterior cerebral artery. Reference: Alexia Without Agraphia: A Rare Entity (nih.gov)

In 1957, Dr. Arvid Carlson showed that dopamine was a neurotransmitter in the brain and not just a precursor of norepinephrine. This was the prevailing view at that time. He also developed an assay to measure dopamine in the brain and found that the highest regional concentration existed in the basal ganglia. Reference: Arvid Carlson, and the story of dopamine (nih.gov)

Heroine is opioid Reference: Kaplan and Saddocks Synopsis of Psychiaitry, 11th Edition, Chapter 20, Page No.: 644

Squeeze technique and Stop start technique are used for Premature ejaculation. Reference: Kaplan and Saddocks Synopsis of Psychiaitry, 11th Edition, Chapter 17, Page No.: 585

Explanation: Juveniles aged 16-18 years who commit heinous offences may be tried as adults under the Juvenile Justice Act of 2015, depending on the nature of the crime. Heinous offences are those punishable for a term of 7 years or more under the Indian Penal Code (IPC). Reference: The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015

Explanation: Informed consent is an autonomous decision made by an individual regarding medical interventions or research participation. It ensures individual autonomy and rational decision-making. Types of Consent: Informed vs. Real Consent: Informed: Full understanding of diagnosis, risks, and prognosis. Real: In line with the "prudent person rule" (reasonable doctor's judgment). Implicit vs. Explicit Consent: Implicit: Implied through actions (e.g., showing up for examination). Explicit: Clearly expressed, either verbal or written.

All except one of the adrenergic receptors are postsynaptic. The only presynaptic adrenergic receptor is the α2-receptor (OPTION B IS CORRECT) . This is also known as a presynaptic auto-receptor. It is a G-protein couple receptor . Reference: Stahls Essential Psychopharmacology, Fourth edition, Chapter 2, Page no. 38.

Venlafaxine has a unique mode of action. In low doses , it acts on the serotonin system only . As the dose increases , it acts on noradrenergic as well as serotonergic neurons. At higher does, i.e., 225 mg or above, it acts on all the three neurotransmitters, i.e. serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine (OPTION D IS CORRECT) . In a nutshell, venlafaxine blocks the serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine reuptake. In addition, blocking noradrenaline reuptake in the frontal cortex could increase dopamine neurotransmission in this part of brain. Reference: Stahls Essential Psychopharmacology, Fourth edition, Chapter 7th, Page no. 306.